精神分析师霍尼简介

在诸多卡伦霍妮的介绍中，这是最简洁而相对完整的一篇。从中足以看到作者对霍妮的理解以及自身精神分析的功底。

全文用英文撰写，提供中文导读和部分翻译。这也是一个机会让自己习惯英文，因为在精神分析的绝大部分的著作都是英文的。因此，本公众号正在筹划精神分析专业英语的学习，陪伴大家一起克服这个语言障碍。

全文转载自美国精神分析学院（The American Institute For Psychoanalysis,简称AIP）的官网，http://www.aipnyc.org/pdf/biography.pdf。

文章有点长，一定要看完哦，欢迎关注并转发！开始享受阅读吧~~~

Karen Horney Biography, In Brief

卡伦霍妮1885年9月16日出生在德国。霍妮的父亲是一个严厉的虔诚的教徒，习惯被服从了，而她的母亲被认为是一个自由思想家知识分子，受过良好教育的女人。

There have been several biographies written about Karen Horney over the years. Please see citations below. This brief summary cannot possibly give account of all the historic events, all of her accomplishments and the way her life was an integral part of the first half century of psychoanalysis.

Karen Danielsen was born on September 16 1885, in Blankenese, now a suburb of Hamburg, Germany. Her father, the sea captain Berndt Wackels Danielsen came from Bergen, Norway, and her mother, Clotilde (Sonni) Ronzelen descended from a prominent Dutch-German family. Karen’s father was a stern religious man, accustomed to being obeyed, while her mother was considered a free-thinker intellectual, and a well-educated woman.

卡伦霍妮13岁开始就梦想成为一名医生，这在19世纪的德国是几乎不可能的。幸运的是，她的母亲和她的哥哥支持卡伦的目标。她是德国第一批女大学生。1911年获得医学博士学位。

Karen was the younger of two children, her brother Berndt, a handsome and charming boy and the father’s favorite, was four years older. Karen, who was exceptionally intelligent and curious, was encouraged by her mother to excel in her studies. From age thirteen on Karen dreamed of becoming a doctor, nearly impossible in 19th century Germany, and especially difficult, considering the firmly held beliefs of her father: that girls should prepare themselves for marriage, for raising children and for living a pious life.Fortunately, both her mother and her brother supported Karen’s goals and after she completed the Realgymnasium in Hamburg, she enrolled in the university in Freiburg, in the state of Baden in southwestern Germany in 1906. She was one of the first women to enter a German university. Karen completed her medical education at the University of Berlin in 1911.

1911年卡伦霍妮开始接受佛洛依德的早期弟子卡尔阿布拉汗姆Karl Abraham的精神分析，每周6次，共500小时。柏林精神分析协会成立于1920年，霍妮是创始人之一。1923年至1935年，她共十三篇重要的女性主义的论文，其中讨论了她母性，女性受虐狂，羡慕对妇女，婚姻问题，女性的男子气概等。

In 1909 Karen married Oskar Horney, a social scientist and economist. In 1910 she entered psychoanalysis with Karl Abraham, an early disciple of Freud, and completed with him about 500 hours of treatment, six times a week.Psychoanalysis, the revolutionary theory of the mind, came to fascinate Karen Horney. In 1911 she joined Abraham’s psychoanalytic discussions, which eventually became the Berlin Psychoanalytic Society, and she held the office of secretary after 1915. In 1920 the Berlin Society opened its Policlinic and later the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute, with Horney as one of the founding members. She helped design the training program and then directed it, treated patients both in her private practice and at the Policlinic, taught students, wrote

on psychoanalytic technique, and conducted research in psychoanalysis, especially in feminine psychology. As a woman doctor, a wife and a mother of three daughters, Horney was fascinated with female sexual development, and wrote extensively on the subject, starting with the seminal “On the genesis of the castration complex” in 1923. In these papers, writing in the Freudian idiom, she started to differ from Freud’s views on female sexuality, asserting that the actual treatment of little girls by their fathers and mothers was the real source of penis envy, which she called secondary penis envy. She also recognized the importance of the mother-daughter relationship in the psychosexual development of girls, as opposed to Freuds’ emphasis of the father’s role. Between 1923 and 1935 she wrote a total of thirteen important feminist papers, in which she discussed the complexities of motherhood, feminine masochism, envy towards women, marital difficulties, masculinity complex in women, etc. For a more complete list of her feminist papers see her Bibliography (Web or .pdf).

1931年，卡伦霍妮接到弗兰兹亚历山大Franz Alexander的邀请，帮助他成立了芝加哥精神分析研究所，霍妮欣然同意。她于1932年移民到美国，与亚历山大在芝加哥工作。 1934年，她搬到纽约，并加入了纽约精神分析协会。在1935年她的文化和神经症系列讲座的是非常受欢迎，拥有大量的学生。1937年《在我们这个时代的神经质人格》的出版，其中她反驳弗洛伊德所强调的人类行为的生物学因素。1939年，她出版了《精神分析的新方法》，讨论了弗洛伊德的革命性工作不容置疑的重要性以及她对此的不同意见。

Although Freud initially was supportive of Horney’s expanding on his feminine psychology, in 1931 he became cooler to her increasingly bold ideas. Horney found herself more isolated in Berlin, and was also worried about the growing prominence of the Nazis in Germany. When she received Franz Alexander’s invitation to help him set up the Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis, Horney gladly agreed. She immigrated to the USA in 1932 and worked with Alexander in Chicago. In 1934 she moved to New York, and joined the New York Psychoanalytic Institute. She taught courses on clinical technique, had a busy private practice, volunteered her time as a psychiatrist at the United Jewish Aid Society, and wrote papers on technique, and transference. Her prominence solidified when she began teaching at the New School for Social Research, at the University in Exile, in 1935. Her lecture series on Culture and Neurosis was very popular, drawing huge audiences. Her interest in culture was stimulated by her close relationship with Margaret Mead, Paul Tillich, Ruth Benedict, Erich Fromm, Harry Stack Sullivan, John Dollard, Abraham Kardiner and other sociologists and anthropologists. This interest culminated in the publication of The neurotic personality of our time in 1937, in which she countered Freud’s emphasis on the biological determinants of human behavior. In 1939 she published New ways in psychoanalysis, a discussion of the indisputable importance of Freud’s revolutionary work as well as her differing views.

在1941年，霍妮与克拉拉·汤普森和其他人一起离开了纽约精神分析协会。华盛顿巴尔的摩小组的哈里·斯塔克·沙利文和威廉·西尔弗伯格也加入其中。在5月，他们一起组成了精神分析进步协会，接着在6月，建立美国精神分析学院。新小组不在关注经典的弗洛伊德的精神分析，更注重文化在人格形成的重要性。

1942年，她出版了《自我分析》。在是否接受非医学背景的分析师的争议，霍妮反对不招生非医学背景的学生，这导致了弗洛姆、汤普森和沙利文的辞职，他们于1943年建立William Alanson White Society and Institute（是不是发现很多机构、很多人物在这里面呢：））。

Horney, along with Clara Thompson and others, left the New York Psychoanalytic Institute in 1941. Harry Stack Sullivan and William Silverberg joined them from the Washington-Baltimore group, and together they formed the Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis in May, followed by the establishment of the American Institute for Psychoanalysis a month later, in June. The new group offered a considerable alternative to classical Freudian psychoanalysis, with more focus on the importance of culture in the formation of the personality. In 1942 she published Self-analysis. A dispute over the teaching privileges of Erich Fromm, a lay-analyst, which Horney opposed on the grounds that the scientific community did not accept non-medically trained analysts, led to the resignation of Fromm, Thompson and Sullivan in 1943. They went on to establish the William Alanson White Society and Institute.

虽然深受同事离开的影响，但是卡伦霍妮将精力集中在新书写作和精神分析学院的工作上，并于1945年出版《我们内心的冲突》。1950年，出版《神经症与人的成长：自我实现的冲突》。这两本书，《我们的内心冲突》和《神经症与人的成长》，细说心理困难的来源，自我结构和性格特质的影响。在她看来，环境、破坏和建设性的混合力量，对孩子的先天气质和成为真正的自我潜能的发挥有非常大的影响。自我理想化、自我仇恨和权利的产生复杂和矛盾的相互作用带来的各种性格分裂。霍妮不停地阐述她的关于挡住了人的成长与生俱来的渴望力量的动力学观点，直到她去世于1952年12月4日，享年67岁。她被埋在阿兹利，在芬克里夫墓园，距离纽约市有一小段车程。

Although Horney was deeply affected by the loss of those colleagues she focused her energies on writing a new book, Our inner conflicts, published in 1945, and on the workings of the Institute. After WWII ended, there was a huge interest in psychoanalysis amongst the returning veteran psychiatrists, and this interest swelled the enrollment at the Institute. Horney published her last book in 1950, Neurosis and human growth: The struggle toward self-realization. The two books, Our inner conflicts and Neurosis and human growth, elaborate on Horney’s theory of the origins of psychological difficulties, the resulting self-structure and character difficulties. In her view, the environment, a mixture of damaging and constructive forces, powerfully impacts on the child’s inborn qualities, the potentials for the real self. The resulting complex and conflicting interactions of self-idealizations, self-hatreds, and entitlements bring about various splits in the personality. Horney kept on elaborating on her dynamic views of the forces that block the person’s innate desire for growth, until her death on December 4, 1952, following a brief illness, at the age of 67. She is buried in Ardsley, at the Ferncliff Cemetery, a short drive from New York City.

在整理这个简介的过程中，深深地被这个坚韧、聪慧、美丽的女人而感动。

References

Jones, C. (1989) American women of achievement: Karen Horney, psychoanalyst. N.Y.: Chelsea House Publishers

Karen Horney Papers, Manuscripts and Archives. Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University

Paris, B. (1994). Karen Horney: a psychoanalyst’s search for self-understanding. New Haven : Yale University Press

Rubins, J. ( 1978). Karen Horney: Gentle rebel of psychoanalysis. N.Y.: The Dial Press

Quinn, S. (1987). A mind of her own: The life of Karen Horney. N.Y.: Summit Books

Sayers, J. (1991) Mothers of psychoanalysis: Helene Deutsch, Karen Horney, Anna Freud, Melanie Klein. N.Y.: W.W. Norton

Westcott, M. (1986) The feminist legacy of Karen Horney. New Haven: Yale University Press

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